Alright, imagine you're making a tiny city out of playdough, and you want it to grow. You add little worker creatures called yeast to your city. These yeast workers love to eat, and their favorite food is sugar.
When you mix yeast into your bread dough, these tiny yeast workers start eating the sugars that are naturally in the flour. And just like when you eat, the yeast also needs to get rid of waste after eating. But instead of going to the bathroom, yeast gets rid of its waste by burping out gas called carbon dioxide and creating alcohol (but don't worry, the alcohol gets cooked off when you bake the bread). These gas bubbles from the yeast burps get trapped inside the dough, and because gas takes up more space than liquid or solid, it starts to puff up the dough. This is like when you blow air into a balloon and it expands. So all these little gas bubbles make the dough rise and get fluffy. When you finally bake your bread in the oven, the heat makes the gas bubbles expand even more, and it sets the dough in its puffy shape. That's why when you take the bread out of the oven, it's bigger, softer, and yummier than the dough you first put in. The little yeast workers have done their job, and your playdough city has grown into a delicious loaf of bread!
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